• 专利附录
  • 专利说明
  • 权利要求
  • 类似技术
  • 同族专利
  • 引用文献
  • 法律状态
  • 优先权
    • 专利摘要:
    The invention relates to a measuring device for determining a force and / or torque on a torque transmitting shaft which is supported by a bearing device, in particular a machine whose output and / or input shaft is formed by the torque transmitting shaft, wherein the measuring device at least two , Preferably, three or four piezoelectric elements and a fixing device, wherein the fixing device carries the piezoelectric elements and is formed in such a way that by means of the piezoelectric elements, a force, in particular shear, between the bearing device and a supporting device for supporting the bearing device is measured.
    公开号:AT520901A1
    申请号:T50064/2018
    申请日:2018-01-24
    公开日:2019-08-15
    发明作者:Dr Schricker Alexander；Dipl Ing Falk Patrick；Ing Dipl (Fh) Franz Dreisiebner；Helmut Kokal Dr；Propst Mario
    申请人:Avl List Gmbh；Piezocryst Advanced Sensorics；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

    Summary
    The invention relates to a measuring device for determining a force and / or a torque on a torque-transmitting shaft, which is supported by a bearing device, in particular a machine, the output and / or input shaft of which is formed by the torque-transmitting shaft, the measuring device being at least two , preferably three or four piezo elements and a fixing device, the fixing device carrying the piezo elements and being designed in such a way that a force, in particular shear force, can be measured between the bearing device and a support device for supporting the bearing device by means of the piezo elements.
    Fig. 1/53
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    Measuring device and method for determining a force and / or a torque on a torque-transmitting shaft
    The invention relates to a measuring device for determining a force and / or a torque on a torque-transmitting shaft, which is supported by a bearing device, in particular a machine, the output and / or input shaft of which is formed by the torque-transmitting shaft.
    When regulating motors, especially internal combustion engines or electrical machines, it is important to know the torque on the shaft of the motor as precisely as possible.
    It is known from the prior art to use measuring devices with strain gauges or also piezo sensors for this.
    Strain gauges and similar measuring elements are generally used to measure static forces. In general, however, measuring systems with such a type of measuring element have a reaction time that is too long to measure dynamic force profiles. In contrast, piezoelectric measuring elements or piezo elements are suitable for measuring dynamic tensile, compressive and shear forces. These have a wide dynamic range, are stiff and can also measure highly dynamic forces with high resolution.
    Document EP 0 266 452 A1 relates to a piezoelectric transducer element for force and torque measurements, which consists of at least two piezo elements and at least one carrier plate made of insulating material arranged therebetween, the piezo elements being crystallographically pre-oriented with respect to the coordinate system of the carrier plate and firmly connected to the latter.
    Document DE 195 25 22 A1 relates to a force and torque measuring arrangement consisting of several force measuring cells and amplifier arrangements, characterized in that several force measuring cells are screwed tightly to a measuring unit between mounting plates and are arranged with respect to coordinate axes in such a way that torque formation is possible, which is why Signals from the load cells for evaluation to a group of amplifiers and their outputs to / 53
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    Group of operational amplifiers is directed, whereby both the individual force components and the moments of force can be measured.
    Document DE 10 2009 014284 B4 relates to a torque sensor, which consists of a first and a second disk-shaped fastening flange, which are axially opposite one another in parallel and are rigidly connected to one another by a radially inner torque transmission element, the second fastening flange being designed as a measuring flange which is based on a coaxial circumferential area between its radially outer fastening area and the coaxially internal torque transmission element has a plurality of recesses and shear force transducers which are separated from one another by radial stiffening webs, the recesses being formed by at least three measuring pockets which are axially open on one side, the base area of the measuring pockets being closed as a plane Surface is formed, which represents a consistently thin, resilient deformation body, and that on the base surfaces or the axially opposite outer surfaces of the measuring pocket n the shear force transducers are applied.
    It is an object of the invention to provide an improved determination of a torque or a force applied to a torque-transmitting shaft. In particular, it is an object of the invention to provide a measuring device, a measuring arrangement and a method in which the measuring device influences measurement on the system to be tested as little as possible, preferably not.
    This object is achieved by a measuring device for determining a force and / or a torque on a bearing device of a torque-transmitting shaft, a measuring arrangement with such a measuring device and a method for determining a torque applied to a torque-transmitting shaft according to the independent claims. Advantageous refinements are claimed in the subclaims.
    A first aspect of the invention relates to a measuring device for determining a force and / or a torque on a torque-transmitting shaft, which is supported by a bearing device, in particular a machine, the output and / or input shaft of which is formed by the torque-transmitting shaft, the / 53
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    Measuring device has at least two, preferably three or four piezo elements and a fixing device, the fixing device carrying the piezo elements and being designed in such a way that a force, in particular shear force, can be measured between the bearing device and a support device for supporting the bearing device by means of the piezo elements.
    A second aspect of the invention relates to a measuring arrangement for determining a force and / or a torque on a torque-transmitting shaft, comprising a measuring device based on the piezo effect, in particular according to one of the preceding claims, a shaft, a bearing device and a supporting device of the bearing device, the Bearing device supports the shaft, and the measuring device does not change the rotating mass of the shaft or a shaft assembly. In particular, the rotating mass of the shaft is independent of the measuring device.
    A third aspect of the invention relates to a method for determining a torque applied to a shaft and / or a force applied to a shaft, the torque and / or the force by measuring reaction forces of a bearing of a bearing device of the shaft on the bearing device by means of at least two piezo elements is determined.
    A fourth and fifth aspect of the invention relates to a test bench and a vehicle with a measuring device according to the first aspect or a measuring arrangement according to the second aspect.
    A sixth and seventh aspect of the invention relate to a computer program comprising instructions which, when executed by a computer, cause the latter to carry out the steps of such a method and a computer-readable medium on which such a computer program is stored. The computer-readable medium comprises instructions which, when executed by a computer, cause it to carry out the steps of a method according to the invention.
    The features and advantages described further in the first aspect of the invention apply accordingly to the other aspects of the invention and vice versa.
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    A fixing device in the sense of the invention preferably connects the individual piezo elements, as a result of which they are held in a relative position to one another. The fixing device is preferably an adapter plate, a ring element or also a fastening bracket. More preferably, the fixing device can be a component of an existing device, for example a housing of a transmission or a machine. By providing the piezo elements, this becomes the fixing device of the measuring device.
    A piezo element in the sense of the invention is preferably a measuring element which is set up to measure a force which acts over two surfaces which bear against the piezo element. A piezo element preferably consists of the piezo crystal and a charge dissipation or an electrical circuit.
    A measuring device in the sense of the invention is preferably a piezo sensor. In this case, the measuring device serves as the housing of the piezo elements. Alternatively, the measuring device can also have individual piezo sensors in which the piezo elements are arranged in a separate housing.
    A machine in the sense of the invention is designed to convert energy, preferably kinetic energy, in particular rotation, into electrical energy or vice versa or from chemical energy into kinetic energy. A machine in the sense of the invention preferably has a housing.
    A bearing device for the purposes of the invention is preferably a device for rotatably supporting a shaft, in particular a roller bearing, ball bearing or plain bearing. A bearing device preferably also has a housing. The storage device itself is preferably itself supported or stored. The storage device according to the invention is preferably a machine or part of a machine.
    A support device in the sense of the invention is preferably a device for supporting an element against a force and / or torque acting on this element. A support device is preferably set up to provide a so-called reaction force or bearing reaction force. A support device in the sense of the invention preferably serves to support the / 53
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    Bearing device. The support device is preferably a transmission bell, a housing of the drive train or a base plate.
    The term “storable” in the sense of the invention means “can be stored” or “be stored”.
    The term “connectable” in the sense of the invention means “can be connected” or “be connected”.
    The term “introducible” in the sense of the invention means “can be initiated” or “initiated”. This preferably means the transfer of a force from one body to another body.
    The term “supportable” in the sense of the invention means “can be supported” or “be supported”.
    The term “can be carried through” in the sense of the invention means “can be carried out” or “can be carried through”.
    The term “resilient” in the sense of the invention means “can be loaded” or “be loaded”.
    The term “can be arranged” in the sense of the invention means “can be arranged” or “arranged”.
    The invention is based in particular on the approach of not directly measuring forces and / or torques which are applied to a torque-transmitting shaft on this torque-transmitting shaft.
    In the prior art, measuring devices that have been screwed to the torque-transmitting shaft or fastened in some other way are generally used to measure such forces and / or torques, as described, for example, in DE 10 2009 014284 B4 cited above.
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    According to the invention, on the other hand, those forces which are present as reaction forces of a bearing on a bearing device of the shaft which is supported by the bearing are preferably measured and from these forces the force exerted by the shaft or the torque which acts on the Shaft is present. In other words, according to the invention, the forces are measured at a point other than on the torque-transmitting shaft in the force transmission path, and the torque applied to the torque-transmitting shaft is determined, in particular calculated, from these forces.
    On the one hand, due to the strength and rigidity of the piezo elements used as measuring elements, the bearing device can preferably be completely supported or supported by means of the piezo elements. The full load is therefore preferably applied to the piezo elements, or force secondary flows can at least be neglected.
    On the other hand, the use of piezo elements in the measurement enables highly dynamic changes in force or changes in torque to be registered.
    Furthermore, the measuring device does not falsify the measurement result, since it is not part of the rotating shaft. In particular, the moving mass or rotating mass of a torque-transmitting system to be measured, in particular a system to be tested on the test bench, is not changed by means of the invention. The measuring device also does not add any elasticities to the torque-transmitting system that would act as vibration dampers or that would influence, in particular falsify, the natural frequencies of the torque-transmitting system. This is, in particular, an advantage of the piezo elements compared to systems with strain gauges as measuring elements which, due to their design, are relatively soft compared to piezo elements and therefore influence the system to be tested.
    The risk that a measuring device, which is arranged as a measuring flange on the torque-transmitting shaft, will become detached from this shaft at high speeds is also excluded by the measuring device according to the invention, the measuring arrangement and the method.
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    Furthermore, the solution according to the invention makes it possible to analyze the movement of the torque-transmitting shaft and to recognize discontinuities and vibrations in the shaft movement. In particular, a wobbling movement of the shaft can be detected and measured with the measuring device according to the invention, the measuring arrangement and the method. However, with a measuring device, such as a measuring flange, which is arranged on the shaft, this is not possible or is only possible with difficulty. In particular, it cannot be guaranteed with such a measuring flange that it is located at the point on the shaft which actually wobbles. The forces which the torque-transmitting shaft exerts on its bearing device or a machine, in particular a motor, can also be determined by means of the invention. Such forces cannot be measured with a measuring flange and cannot, or at least not exactly, be determined from the available measurements.
    A dynamic torque applied to the shaft and also vibrations in the vertical and horizontal directions of the shaft can thus be determined by means of the solution according to the invention.
    A particular advantage of the invention is in particular that in a motor which is only supported by the bell housing, as is often the case in racing, for example, the forces and torques on the torque-transmitting drive shaft can be determined by using the measuring device according to the invention between the bell housing and the engine is arranged. Another measuring point on the motor or the shaft is then not necessary. The measuring device does not influence the operation of such a drive train and can therefore be used to diagnose the drive train even during ongoing operation, for example during a race.
    In an advantageous embodiment of the measuring device according to the invention, the fixing device is further designed in such a way that the force can be introduced parallel to the end faces of the piezo elements by means of a non-positive connection. This configuration offers the possibility of using a piezoelectric shear element as the piezo element. In particular, this enables forces to be measured in two opposite directions by means of a single piezo element, / 53
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    January 24, 2018 without the need for a material connection between the end faces of the piezo elements and the respective force-introducing elements.
    In a further advantageous embodiment of the measuring device according to the invention, the piezo elements can be connected to the fixing device and / or the bearing device and / or the supporting device by a force fit. In this way, a force can be measured in each case between the fixing device and the bearing device or between the fixing device and the supporting device or between the bearing device and the supporting device by means of piezoelectric shear elements.
    In a further advantageous embodiment of the measuring device according to the invention, the piezo elements are set up and / or arranged to measure shear forces between the bearing device and the supporting device and / or are piezoelectric shear elements.
    In a further advantageous embodiment of the measuring device according to the invention, the fixing device is further designed in such a way that the force can be measured at least substantially tangentially to the direction of rotation of the shaft. This simplifies the calculation of a force applied to the shaft and / or a torque applied to the shaft without having to carry out a complex vector decomposition of the measured forces.
    In a further advantageous embodiment of the measuring device according to the invention, the fixing device and / or the piezo elements are designed such that the piezo elements can be arranged between the fixing device and the bearing device or between the fixing device and supporting device or between the supporting device and the bearing device and with a Preload are resilient. In particular, the fixing device and / or the piezo elements can have cavities provided for this purpose.
    In a further advantageous embodiment of the measuring device according to the invention, the fixing device is designed in such a way that the bearing device is supported at least in one direction of rotation of the shaft with respect to the support device exclusively by the piezo elements. This can ensure that the entire force to be measured is introduced into the piezo elements.
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    In a further advantageous embodiment of the measuring device according to the invention, the piezo elements are multi-component piezo elements which can measure both a shear force and a compressive force, preferably at least essentially in the axial direction of the shaft. As a result, both forces in the direction of rotation of the shaft and in the axial direction of the shaft can be measured.
    In a further advantageous embodiment of the measuring device according to the invention, at least two of the piezo elements are shear elements and at least one further of the piezo elements is a pressure element. This also makes it possible to measure forces normal to the shaft, in particular tangential to the direction of rotation of the shaft, and also in the axial direction of the shaft.
    In a further advantageous embodiment of the measuring device according to the invention, the fixing device has an opening through which the shaft can be passed. This makes it possible to support the bearing device from that side on which the shaft also leaves the bearing device.
    In a further advantageous embodiment of the measuring device according to the invention, in a measuring arrangement with two piezo elements, a first and a second piezo element are arranged at least substantially opposite one another with respect to the opening, or in the case of more than two piezo elements, the piezo elements are approximately in the same angular relationship with respect to one another Opening, preferably with respect to an axis of rotation of a shaft, which can be guided through the opening, arranged, wherein preferably the piezo elements are all the same distance from the center of the opening. These alternative configurations enable a particularly simple calculation of a force or torque applied to the shaft.
    In a further advantageous embodiment of the measuring device according to the invention, the piezo elements are more than 50%, more preferably more than 70%, even more preferably more than 90% in a recess, in particular a blind hole, on the fixing device and / or a housing part of the bearing device and / or the support device added. As a result, the fixing device can be used as a housing / 53
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    24.01.2018 serve the piezo elements. In particular, the provision of individual housings around each piezo element can thereby be avoided.
    In a further advantageous embodiment of the measuring device according to the invention, the piezo elements each have a cavity, in particular a hollow cylinder, through which a clamping screw can be guided, which is designed to connect the bearing device to the support device. In this way, in particular a prestress or a preload can be applied to the piezo elements, as a result of which a non-positive connection can be established between their end faces and a further element.
    In a further advantageous embodiment of the measuring device according to the invention, the fixing device also has a cavity which is aligned with the cavity of the piezo element and in which the clamping screw can be stored. As a result, a clamping screw can also be guided through the fixing device.
    In a further advantageous embodiment of the measuring device according to the invention, the fixing device is an adapter plate or a ring element, in particular for fastening the bearing device to housings of different components of a drive train. As a result, the measuring device according to the invention can be used particularly universally in a large number of motors and / or drive trains.
    In a further advantageous embodiment of the measuring device according to the invention, the ring element is designed as a seal between two components and / or in such a way that it can be used together with a seal. In this advantageous embodiment, the measuring device can be inserted into an existing sealing groove or guide in such a way that the surrounding components for measuring the forces only have to be slightly modified in terms of design. In particular, the rotating mass of the system to be tested is not affected.
    In a further advantageous embodiment of the measuring device according to the invention, the fixing device has at least two supports which are supported on the support device, the supports, in particular in pairs, being able to be arranged on opposite first sides of a housing of the bearing device / 53
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    24.01.2018 in such a way that one of the piezo elements lies between the supports and the housing. This advantageous embodiment is particularly useful when the support device is formed by a base plate and the bearing device is a motor, in particular an electric machine, which is mounted on the base plate.
    In a further advantageous embodiment of the measuring device according to the invention, at least two further carriers can be arranged on opposite sides of a housing of the bearing device, in such a way that in each case one of the piezo elements lies between the carrier and the housing.
    In a further advantageous embodiment of the measuring device according to the invention, at least three carriers can each be arranged on two opposite sides of the housing such that the bearing device can be stored in a defined manner.
    In a further advantageous embodiment of the measuring device according to the invention, a further sensor element is arranged between the carrier and the support device, the further sensor elements being set up to measure tensile and compressive forces between the carriers and the support device and are preferably designed as piezo elements or strain gauges. This makes it possible to provide further measuring elements with which not only dynamic forces but also static forces can be measured by the measuring device.
    In an advantageous embodiment of the measuring arrangement according to the invention, the bearing device is a machine, in particular a loading and / or driving machine, preferably an electric or internal combustion engine. The machine supports the shaft and represents a load torque or counter torque for the shaft.
    In a further advantageous embodiment of the measuring arrangement, the support device is a transmission bell. In this embodiment, the measuring device is preferably designed as a ring element which fits on a sealing surface or on the interfaces between the transmission bell and the machine. In this particularly advantageous embodiment, the bearing device is supported by the transmission bell and requires no further supports. Such an embodiment is provided in particular for racing engines. According to the invention, the measuring device can be located in / 53
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    24.01.2018 Place any system in the area of a sealing groove usually provided between a bell housing and the machine.
    In a further advantageous embodiment of the measuring arrangement according to the invention, a paste for increasing a coefficient of friction is applied between the piezo elements and the fixing device and / or the bearing device and / or the support device. In this way, a non-positive connection between the individual aforementioned elements can be ensured even better.
    In a further advantageous embodiment of the measuring arrangement according to the invention, the piezo elements between the support device and the bearing device are loaded with a preload of approximately 40 kN to 80 kN, preferably approximately 60 kN. By means of these values, the non-positive connection for the notified forces or torques to be measured can be ensured particularly well, without putting too much stress on the elements loaded by prestressing. In particular, shear forces up to about a tenth of this prestress can be measured.
    In a further advantageous embodiment of the measuring arrangement according to the invention, a housing part of the bearing device also has a cavity which is aligned with the cavity of the piezo elements and in which the clamping screw is mounted.
    In a further advantageous embodiment of the measuring arrangement according to the invention, the end faces of the piezo elements are aligned at least substantially parallel to a surface of the bearing device and a surface of the support device. With this configuration, a non-positive connection between the elements can be realized particularly well.
    In an advantageous embodiment of the test bench according to the invention, a first measuring device is arranged on a drive machine and a second measuring device on a loading machine as a bearing device. By means of such an advantageous embodiment, a so-called torque ripple can be observed, for example, in which the output torque of an electric motor oscillates when the motor shaft rotates. The torque ripple corresponds to a kind of natural vibration of a drive machine, often called prime mover in this application. Des / 53
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    Furthermore, further parasitic influences of the test bench, in particular a dynamometer, which can be transferred to a test object, can be determined.
    In an advantageous embodiment of the method according to the invention, the reaction forces are measured as shear forces on the piezo elements.
    In a further advantageous embodiment of the method according to the invention, the measurement of the reaction forces is preferably carried out by means of a measuring arrangement according to the first aspect of the invention, the method comprising the following steps:
    - Detection of at least one signal of a first piezo element and a signal of a second piezo element; and
    - Deriving a torque applied to the first and the second piezo element and / or an occurrence of a wobble movement and / or a torsional vibration of the shaft from the signals.
    Because forces according to the invention are measured at at least two different points by means of two piezo elements of the support of the bearing device, other parameters can be derived in addition to the torque which acts at this point. For example, the forces can be used to determine whether a wobble movement of the shaft is induced by a bend in the shaft, which acts on one of the bearing devices when the shaft rotates. Based on possible vibrations, a torsional vibration of the shaft can also be derived from the signals. As already explained in relation to an advantageous embodiment of the test bench, a number of parasitic influences of the test bench on the actual measurement task can thus be identified.
    In a further advantageous embodiment of the method according to the invention, the piezo elements are oriented with a known preferred direction, in particular with the same preferred direction, with respect to the direction of rotation of the shaft, and the method also has the following working steps:
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    - summing up the signals corresponding to a component of the preferred direction of the piezo elements; and
    - Deriving an occurrence of a torsional vibration of the shaft from the signals.
    In order to be able to evaluate the signals of the piezo elements in order to identify a torsional vibration of the shaft, it is necessary to know the preferred direction of the individual piezo elements in relation to the direction of rotation of the shaft. The occurrence of a torsional vibration can be derived from the superimposition of the then standardized components with respect to the direction of rotation.
    In a further advantageous embodiment of the method according to the invention, the piezo elements are oriented such that their preferred direction is known, in particular that their preferred direction is parallel to one another, the method further comprising the following steps:
    - Summing up the signals corresponding to a parallel component of the preferred direction of the piezo elements and
    - Deriving the reaction forces of the bearing from the signals.
    The total dynamic load that acts on the bearing device can be deduced from the summation of the standardized parallel components of the individual piezo elements. This can be particularly advantageous in order to detect possible wear at an early stage and possibly to take countermeasures.
    In a further advantageous embodiment of the method according to the invention, a temporal change in at least the values of the derived variables is recorded. Further properties of the components of a test bench or also parasitic influences of the test bench or some other measuring arrangement can be identified from the time profile.
    A further advantageous embodiment of the method according to the invention therefore has at least one of the following work steps:
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    - Checking the derived quantities for discontinuities in the torque curve;
    - Checking the derived quantities for changes in properties of the system to be tested;
    - projecting the history of derived quantities;
    - Checking a projected course for a possible overload of the storage facility;
    - Reduce performance if a projected overload and / or discontinuities and / or changes in the properties of the system under test are detected.
    This advantageous embodiment relates to the analysis of the system to be tested, in particular a prime mover or prime mover. The power can then preferably be regulated accordingly by the adaptation by a control if undesired properties are determined in the system to be tested. This advantageous embodiment therefore preferably relates to a closed control loop.
    In the case of a drive train, for example, it is possible that discontinuities in the torque curve occur due to production errors of a gearwheel in a transmission, so that a pitch error of a meshing gearwheel can lead to periodic torque increases. A change in the elasticity of a shaft or an entire drive train can also be determined by observing changes over time. Finally, the fast measurement response of the piezo elements enables torque increases to be recognized and a further possible course to be calculated in the future, so that it can be determined whether a torque can reach a critical range due to the increase and the inertia of the system. Adjusting the power here serves to protect the machine and can prevent serious damage.
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    Further advantages and features emerge from the following description of the preferred exemplary embodiments with reference to the figures. The figures show at least partially schematically:
    1 shows a first exemplary embodiment of a measuring arrangement according to the second aspect of the invention with a first exemplary embodiment of a measuring device according to the first aspect of the invention;
    FIG. 2 shows an arrangement of piezo elements in a measuring device, such as is present in the first exemplary embodiment of the measuring device according to FIG. 1;
    3 shows a part of a second exemplary embodiment of a measuring arrangement according to the second aspect of the invention with a second exemplary embodiment of the measuring device according to the first aspect of the invention in plan view and side cross-sectional view;
    4 shows an exploded perspective view of the part of the second exemplary embodiment of a measuring arrangement according to the second aspect of the invention with the measuring device according to the first aspect of the invention;
    5 shows a top view or side cross-sectional view of the second exemplary embodiment of a measuring device according to the first aspect of the invention from FIGS. 3 and 4;
    FIG. 6 is an enlarged view of the area of the lateral cross-sectional view from FIG. 5 marked with A;
    7 shows a perspective view of a third exemplary embodiment of a measuring arrangement according to the second aspect of the invention with a third exemplary embodiment of a measuring device according to the first aspect of the invention;
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    Fig. 8
    Fig. 9
    Fig. 10
    Fig. 11
    Fig. 12a
    Fig. 12b
    13a
    Fig. 13b
    Fig. 14
    Fig. 15
    16 shows a plan view from below of a test stand with part of the third exemplary embodiment of a measuring device according to the second aspect of the invention according to FIG. 7 and with a system to be tested;
    a side plan view of part of the third embodiment of a measuring device according to the second aspect of the invention of Figure 8 from the direction of the shaft 3.
    an alternative embodiment of the part of the third embodiment of the measuring device according to the second aspect of the invention, as also shown in Fig. 9;
    a further embodiment of the part of the third exemplary embodiment of a measuring device according to the second aspect of the invention, as is also shown in FIGS. 9 and 10;
    3 shows a time course of measurement signals of an arrangement of measurement elements according to FIG. 2;
    a time course of an evaluation of the measurement signals according to Fig. 12a;
    a further time course of measurement signals of an arrangement of measuring elements according to FIG. 2;
    a time course of an evaluation of the measurement signals of FIG. 13a;
    a further time course of an evaluation of the measurement signals according to FIG. 12b;
    a further exemplary arrangement of measuring elements in a measuring device according to the first aspect of the invention; and a block diagram of an exemplary embodiment of a method according to the invention according to the third aspect of the invention.
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    1 shows a section of a measuring arrangement 9 according to the second aspect of the invention.
    A measuring device 1 of the measuring arrangement 9, which is designed as an adapter plate 5, has four depressions 7a, 7b, 7c, 7d, in each of which a piezo element 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d is partially embedded. Furthermore, the adapter plate 5 has cavities 12, which are designed as bores, and an opening 6.
    1 also shows a bearing device 2, which is designed as an electric machine. However, this could also be an internal combustion engine or another type of machine that generates or records a rotary movement. This has a housing with end housing parts 8a and 8c and a middle housing part 8b.
    The shaft of the electric machine 2 leaves it axially from the front housing part 8a and is therefore not visible in the perspective view according to FIG. 1.
    In the assembled state of the measuring arrangement 9, the adapter plate 1 is fastened by means of clamping screws (not shown), which are guided through bores 21a in the piezo elements 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d and in the fixing device 5, in corresponding, internally threaded bores in the front housing part 8a the electric machine 2 screwed.
    Furthermore, the adapter plate 5 is screwed by means of the cavities 12 into correspondingly internally threaded bores of a support device 10 (not shown). In the exemplary embodiment shown, the support device 10 is preferably a transmission bell, also called a clutch bell or clutch housing, which is generally arranged between an engine, here the electric machine 2, and the vehicle transmission in the drive train of a vehicle.
    In particular, the adapter plate 5 can be a modified housing part or a modified cover of the transmission bell.
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    In the assembled state, the shaft 3 (not visible) is guided through the opening 6 in the adapter plate, via which it is guided into the transmission (not shown).
    The measuring elements 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d are pressed non-positively against end faces 17a, 17b, 17c, 17d against the end-side housing part 8a of the electric machine 2 by means of a preload generated by means of the tensioning screws (not shown) and thus form a non-positive connection to the electric motor 2 ,
    On the other hand, as already explained, the adapter plate 5 is connected to a support device 10, for example a transmission bell, by means of screws through the cavities 12 and is supported on the transmission bell 10 in this way.
    The electric machine 2 preferably has no further supports.
    In this case, the total reaction forces of the mounting of the electric machine 2, which return a resistance of the electric machine 2 with respect to a torque on the shaft 3 (not shown), are due to the non-positive connection between the front housing part 8a of the electric machine 2 and the piezo elements 4a , 4b, 4c, 4d.
    The torque applied to the shaft 3 (not shown) as a result of this resistance is expressed by a force acting on the non-positive connection on end faces 17a, 17b, 17c, 17d of the piezo elements 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d. These piezo elements 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d preferably have at least one piezoelectric shear effect, as a result of which electrical voltages are generated in the piezo crystals of the piezo elements 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d as a function of an applied shear force.
    The piezo elements 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d can also preferably be designed in such a way that pressure forces can be measured. In such an embodiment, dynamic loads in the axial direction of the shaft (3) (not shown) can also be determined. These can be generated, for example, by a bent shaft during its rotation, since a force arises on the belly of a bend in the shaft, which forces the electric machine away in the axial direction at the speed of rotation.
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    The applied electrical voltages are led to an evaluation device (not shown) via charge leads 22a, 22b, 22c, 22d.
    FIG. 2 shows an arrangement of the piezo elements 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d, as is also shown in relation to the fixing device 5 of FIG. 1.
    In addition, a Cartesian coordinate system with the axes X and Y and a respective preferred direction Vi, V2, V3, V4 of the piezo crystals used in the piezo elements 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d are represented by arrows.
    The respective preferred direction V1, V2, V3, V4 indicates in which direction of loading of the piezo element, in particular by means of a shear force on the end faces 17a, 17b, 17c, 17d, the strongest voltage is generated in the piezo crystal.
    Furthermore, the distance d between the center points of the piezo elements 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d from the geometric center M of the arrangement is shown.
    In the first exemplary embodiment of the measuring device 1 shown in FIG. 1, this geometric center point M also depicts the position of the shaft 3 (not shown) of the electric machine 2 in relation to the arrangement of the piezo elements 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d. The distance d is the distance from the geometric center, center of area or center of mass M to the geometric center, center of area or center of mass of the individual piezo elements 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d.
    In this case, the circle D indicated by a dash-dotted line, which is arranged concentrically to the geometric center M and thus to the shaft 3 in FIG. 1 (not shown), corresponds to the direction of rotation of a shaft 3 (not shown). The preferred direction of the piezo elements 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d or their crystals are thus all tangential to the direction of rotation D of a shaft 3 which runs through the geometric center M perpendicular to the view plane of FIG. 2.
    As in the first exemplary embodiment of the measuring device 1 shown in FIG. 1, the piezo elements 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d each have an opening or a bore 21a, 21b, 21d, 21c through which a clamping screw or another clamping element can be passed ,
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    3 shows a second exemplary embodiment of a measuring arrangement 9 with a measuring device 1 and a support device 10, which in this case is designed as a transmission bell, in a top view and in a lateral cross-sectional view.
    The transmission bell 10 has a cone that widens toward the installation side of the motor (not shown). With the cavities 12, the transmission bell 10 is attached to a motor (not shown) by means of a screw. In plan view, the transmission bell 10 has approximately the shape of a closed horseshoe in the region of a flange which, in the assembled state, bears against a motor (not shown).
    The measuring device, which in this exemplary embodiment is designed as a type of washer or intermediate element for arrangement between the transmission bell 10 and a motor (not shown), has the same shape as the flange of the transmission bell and also has the same cavities 12 through which fastening screws (not shown) can be performed. In relation to the measuring device 1, these fastening screws preferably form tensioning screws, with which a non-positive connection in the area of piezo elements 4 can preferably be realized.
    The fixing device 5a, 5b of the measuring device 1 in this second exemplary embodiment of the measuring device 1 is preferably made in two parts, as will be explained in more detail below. The piezo elements 4 are preferably arranged in the region of each of the cavities or bores 12 in the two parts 5a, 5b of the fixing device 5 and are supported by the fixing device 5a, 5b. There are therefore preferably eight piezo elements in the exemplary embodiment shown. However, more or fewer piezo elements can also be provided, in particular also between the positions of the cavities 12 of the intermediate element.
    In the second exemplary embodiment of the measuring arrangement 9, the measuring device 1 is preferably arranged on the flange of the transmission bell when the transmission bell 10 is attached to a motor (not shown) and by means of the connecting screws (not shown) together with the transmission bell with the housing of the motor (not shown) ) screwed.
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    The individual piezo elements 4 are connected to electrical lines in the fixing device 5 and connected via such an electrical line 22 to measuring electronics, which are preferably arranged outside the measuring device 1. Alternatively, such measuring electronics could also be, at least partially, a component of the measuring device 1.
    FIG. 4 again shows an exploded perspective view of a partial measuring arrangement 9 according to FIG. 3.
    Opening 6, which is formed by the fixing device 5a, 5b and through which a shaft 3 (not shown) of a bearing device 2 designed as a motor (not shown) can be passed in order to be connected to the transmission, can be clearly seen here.
    FIG. 5 shows a top view and a cross-sectional view of the second exemplary embodiment of the measuring device 1, which is also shown in connection with the second exemplary embodiment of the measuring arrangement 9 in FIG. 3 and in FIG. 4.
    In a preferred embodiment of this second exemplary embodiment, the piezo elements or their piezo crystals 20a, 20b have preferred directions Vi, V2, V3, V4, V5, V6, V7, V8, which are in the direction of rotation D of a shaft 3 (not shown), that is to say tangential to a concentric circle about an axis of rotation of the shaft 3, are aligned. The direction of rotation D is indicated in FIG. 5 by means of a double arrow. Here, a shaft 3 (not shown) can rotate in the direction of rotation D both clockwise and counterclockwise.
    Alternatively, the preferred direction Vx of the individual piezo elements 4 can also be oriented as desired or in another defined manner. Some alternatives are shown below with reference to the following exemplary embodiments.
    FIG. 6 shows an enlarged view of area A in the cross-sectional view of FIG. 5. The annular piezo element 4, which is arranged around the cavity 12, preferably has two piezo crystals 20a, 20b which are in contact with one another via an electrode 19. The electrode 19 is used for charge dissipation or
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    Voltage measurement between the two crystals. In addition, further electrodes are preferably arranged on the end faces 17a, 17b of the piezo crystals. These electrodes are further preferably formed by part of the fixing device 5a, 5b.
    The left piezocrystal 20a is arranged in a recess 7a of the left part 5a of the fixation device, the right piezocrystal 20b is arranged in a recess 7b of the right piezocrystal 20b. Both piezo crystals 20a, 20b protrude slightly above the surface of the respective part of the fixing device 5a, 5b from respective recesses 7a, 7b, so that a sealing gap 16 is created or remains between the two parts of the fixing device 5a, 5b in the assembled state. Preferably, only one recess 7a can also be present.
    If the measuring device 1 is installed in a measuring arrangement 9, as shown for example in FIGS. 3 and 4, a clamping means (not shown), which is guided through the cavity 12, preferably presses, in particular a clamping screw, which both parts of the fixing device 5a, 5b together. The applied prestressing creates a force-locking connection between the left piezocrystal 20a and the left part of the fixing device 5a and the right piezocrystal 20b and the right part of the fixing device 5b.
    Since the remaining intermediate surface of the left part 5a and the right part 5b of the fixation device are still separated by the sealing gap 16, the two parts 5a, 5b of the fixation device are supported solely by the end faces 17a, 17b of the piezo crystals 20a, 20b. A shear force and / or a further dynamic compressive force is also exerted on the piezo crystals 20a, 20b of the piezo element 4 via these two end faces.
    In an alternative embodiment of this second exemplary embodiment, which, however, can also be transferred to the other exemplary embodiments, the piezo element 4 can also have a single piezo crystal 20.
    7 shows a third exemplary embodiment of a measuring arrangement 9 according to the invention.
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    In this exemplary embodiment, the bearing device 2 is a loading machine and / or a drive machine, a so-called prime mover, a drive train or engine test bench.
    Basically, the third exemplary embodiment of the measuring device 5a, 5b, 5c, 5d (not visible), which is also shown here, can also be transferred to other types of measuring arrangements as test stands.
    The electric machine 2, which has the output and / or input shaft 3, is supported on a base plate 10, which in this exemplary embodiment forms the support device, by means of the measuring device 1.
    For this purpose, the measuring device 1 consists of four parts. These parts each have a piezo element 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d, a fixing device 5a, 5b, 5c, 5d designed as a carrier and a further pickup element 11a, 11b, 11c, 11d.
    Two of the carrier elements 5a, 5b, 5c, 5d are preferably arranged opposite each other on the housing 8 of the electrical machine 2, in the present case in pairs a first carrier 5a compared to a third carrier 5c and a second carrier 5b compared to a fourth carrier 5d (not visible) ,
    Both pairs of supports can be biased or preloaded against the housing 8 of the electric machine 2 by means of a suitable device on the base plate 10, which forms a common base, so that there is between the piezo elements 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d, which between the housing and the respective carriers 11a, 11b, 11c, 11d are arranged, and the housing 8 or between the piezo elements 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d and the respective carrier 11a, 11b, 11c, 11d adjusts a non-positive connection with which the electric machine 2 in one can be held from the base plate 10 spaced position. For this purpose, a paste is preferably applied to the end faces of the piezo crystals, which increases the coefficient of friction in order to improve the non-positive connection.
    For example, such a paste can be applied between the first piezo element 4a and the second piezo element 4b and a surface 18a of the housing 8 of the electric machine 2. Preferably, the paste is also between the first / 53
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    Piezo element 4a and the second piezo element 4b can be applied at a respective angle 11a, 11b.
    The carriers 11a, 11b, 11c, 11d (not visible) are in turn supported on the base plate 10. For this purpose, additional sensor elements 11a, 11b, 11c, 11d are preferably arranged between the carriers 11a, 11b, 11c, 11d and the base plate 10. These further sensor elements 11a, 11b, 11c, 11d are further preferably based on strain gauges or further piezo elements.
    These are preferably supported on the surface 18b of the base plate 10.
    The carriers 5a, 5b, 5c, 5d of the measuring device 1 could alternatively or additionally also be arranged on the two end faces of the housing 8 of the electrical machine 2 and there a non-positive connection with these surfaces, for example that surface, by means of the piezo elements or further piezo elements shown. from which the shaft 3 protrudes.
    FIG. 8 shows a test bench with the measuring arrangement 9 according to FIG. 7 according to the third exemplary embodiment, this measuring arrangement being connected via the shaft 3 to the rest of a drive train which has an entirety of the transmission and differential 13 and two wheel dynamometers 14a, 14b ,
    Base plate 10 from FIG. 7 is not shown in FIG. 8 for the sake of clarity, the arrangement of electric machine 2 and measuring device 1 corresponds to a view from below in FIG. 7.
    A torque which is applied to the shaft 3 is supported on the base plate 10 via the electric machine 2 and the measuring device 1. The base plate 10 therefore provides a reaction force for a torque which is established between the electric machine 2 and the resistance of the wheel dynamometers 14a, 14b on the shaft 3.
    As already described with reference to FIG. 7, the electric machine 2 for carrying out the measurement method according to the third aspect of the invention is clamped between the carrier pairs 5a, 5c and 5b, 5d in such a way that there is between the surfaces, in particular end faces 17a, 17b , 17c, 17d of the piezo elements 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d and the surfaces 18a of the electric machine 2 and / or the surfaces, in particular / 53
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    End faces 17a, 17b, 17c, 17d of the piezo elements 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d and a respective surface of the carrier 11a, 11b, 11c, 11d forms a non-positive connection. Using the piezoelectric shear effect, the forces on the piezo elements 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d can be measured, which exerts the torque on the shaft 3 and thus on the electric machine 2 on the piezo elements 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d.
    Furthermore, additional shear forces and / or compressive forces can be measured between the supports 5a, 5b, 5c, 5d and the base plate 10 (not shown) by means of the further pick-up elements 11a, 11b, 11c, 11d, in particular static compressive forces.
    FIGS. 9, 10 and 11 each represent a view of the third exemplary embodiment of the measuring arrangements 9 of FIGS. 7 and 8 on the side with the shaft 3. It is therefore only the first carrier 5a and the third carrier 5c and the corresponding ones Measuring device 1 other belonging elements visible. The other elements of the measuring device 1 are hidden behind it.
    FIGS. 9, 10 and 11 serve the purpose of illustrating various alternatives of force measurement which can be carried out with the piezo elements 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d and the further sensor elements 11a, 11b, 11c, 11d.
    In FIG. 9, the piezo elements 4a, 4c can be used to measure a dynamic force F_dyn parallel to the surface 18a of the housing 8 of the machine 2 by means of the piezoelectric shear effect. The other sensor elements 11a, 11c, on the other hand, are designed as measuring sensors with strain gauges and can therefore measure static forces F_stat, which are exerted by the carriers 5a, 5c on the base plate 10 (not shown). By measuring the static forces over the beams 5a, 5c by means of the transducer elements 11a, 11c, not only torque variations can be observed. An absolute value of the torque 3 can also be determined by means of the force differences on the sensor elements 11a, 11c due to a torque which is applied to the shaft 3.
    FIG. 10 differs from the embodiment of FIG. 9 in that the piezo elements 4a and 4c not only the dynamic forces F_dyn parallel to the / 53
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    Measure surfaces 18a of the housing 8 of the machine 2, but additionally also the dynamic forces F_dyn 'perpendicular to the surfaces 18a.
    In this way, for example, a wobbling movement of the shaft 3 in the direction F__dyn, F_dyn 'can be measured, since this causes different compressive forces on the piezo elements 4a, 4c depending on the rotational position of the shaft 3.
    FIG. 11 differs from the embodiment of FIG. 9 in that the further pickup elements 11a, 11c are also designed as piezo elements. If, as shown in FIG. 11, these are designed, for example, as piezoelectric shear elements, then a dynamic shear force F_dyn ', F_dyn' can be measured between the carriers 5a, 5c and the base plate 10 (not shown). Here, too, as shown in the embodiment in FIG. 10, wobble movements of the shaft 3 can be determined and analyzed.
    12a shows a diagram of a force measurement on four measuring elements 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d over time t or an angle of rotation rad of the shaft in an arrangement of measuring elements 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d, as shown in FIG. 2, wherein the shaft 3 runs perpendicular to the plane of representation through the geometric center M, as also described by way of example with reference to FIG. 2.
    Each of the measuring sensors generates a signal at each point in time which corresponds to a force in Newtons N. Here, F4a denotes the measuring signal of the measuring element 4a, F4b the measuring signal of the second measuring element 4b, F4c the measuring signal of the third measuring segment 4c and F4d the fourth measuring signal of the fourth measuring element 4d.
    In the case of a pure torsional vibration, each of the measurement signals in reality has the amplitude 1. This amplitude was slightly changed for the measurement signals F4b, F4c and F4d by multiplying a factor in order to ensure a clearer representation in FIG. 12a.
    The measurement signals F4a, F4b, F4c and F4d are also slightly out of phase with one another.
    12b shows an evaluation of the measurement signals F4a, F4b, F4c and F4d. On the one hand, the individual forces F4a, F4b, F4c, F4d applied to the respective measuring elements 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d were added up, and the whole was placed on a fixing device 5, which fixes / 53
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    Measuring elements 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d supports, calculated, the distance d in Fig. 2 from the geometric center M was assumed to be 1.
    This total torque is shown as curve Mz in the diagram according to FIG. 12b with the unit Nm over time t or the angle of rotation rad of shaft 3.
    The strong oscillation shows that strong torque fluctuations of 4 Nm to -4 Nm were periodically applied to the shaft during the measurement period.
    The curve Fx represents a time course of the force applied in the X direction in FIG. 2 to the piezo elements Fra, F4b, F4c, Fw.
    Since, in the arrangement shown in FIG. 2, the second measuring element 4b and the fourth measuring element 4d with their preferred directions V2, V4 are each aligned in the X direction of the Cartesian coordinate system, the forces in this direction are in particular caused by these two measuring elements 4b, 4d be measured. If a force is applied in this direction, the first measuring element 4a and the third measuring element 4c, whose preferred direction V1, V3 are aligned parallel to the Y axis of the Cartesian coordinate system, will make no significant or even no contribution.
    The same applies to the first measuring element 4a and the third to last measuring element 4c in relation to the Y direction of the Cartesian coordinate system, so that the measured force in the Y direction FY is essentially measured by these two measuring elements 4a, 4c.
    Depending on whether the preferred directions V2, V4 of the second and fourth measuring elements 4b, 4d are opposite or parallel, the measured signals F4b, Fm must be added or subtracted to form the total forces. The same applies correspondingly to the forces determined by the first and third measuring sensors 4a, 4c or their measuring signals Fra, Fm in relation to the total force Fy in the Y direction of the Cartesian coordinate system according to FIG. 2.
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    As can be seen in FIG. 12b, only small forces arise in the X direction and Y direction of the Cartesian coordinate system, which each oscillate around the zero point. The shaft 3 therefore has only a very slight wobble movement. This is caused by the slight phase shift of the measurement signals F4a, Fw, F4c, Fw.
    For the determination of the total forces according to FIG. 12b, it is not absolutely necessary that the preferred directions Vi, V2, V3, V4 are oriented tangentially to the direction of rotation D. The orientation of the preferred direction V1, V2, V3, V4 should be known, however, so that the sum forces in the individual directions and the torque can be deduced by means of a vector component calculation.
    13a shows a further diagram of measurement signals F4a, Fw, F4c, Fw, which was recorded with an arrangement of measurement elements 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d, as shown in FIG. 2.
    The respective measurement signals have different amplitudes and run in phase opposition. Therefore, these can be easily recognized as separate curves. Again, a slight phase shift was made as in Fig. 13a for better illustration. However, the measurement signals were not multiplied by a factor as in FIGS. 13a F4a, F4b, F4c, F4d.
    13b shows a diagram corresponding to FIG. 12b, in which the individual torques applied to the measuring elements as well as a total torque Mz and the forces in the X direction Fx and the forces in the Y direction Fy were summed up , It is clear from this diagram that there was only a slight fluctuation around the zero point of the total torque Mz during the measurement period. The shaft 3, however, performed wobble, especially in the X direction, less in the Y direction.
    FIG. 14 shows a further summation of the measurement signals of the measuring elements 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d of an arrangement according to FIG. 2 according to FIGS. 12b and 13b as a diagram over the time t or the angle of rotation rad of the shaft 3.
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    It is clear from the diagram that, in particular, the total torque Mz builds up in oscillation over a period of approximately 1000 ms and then the oscillation abruptly decreases again in order to build up again over a period of approximately another 1000 ms.
    Such a course is referred to in technical terms as the so-called torque ripple. This torque ripple means inadequate control of an electric machine, for example a prime mover, so that it is rocked up to vibrate naturally.
    Using the measuring device 1 according to the invention, the measuring arrangement 9 and the method according to the invention, a large number of such properties of an engine or a test bench can be determined or analyzed.
    The exemplary embodiments described above are merely examples which are not intended to restrict the scope of protection, the application and the structure of the methods and systems according to the invention in any way. Rather, the person skilled in the art is given a guideline for the implementation on the basis of at least one exemplary embodiment by the preceding description, with various changes being made, in particular with regard to the function and arrangement of the described components, without leaving the scope of protection as is evident from the claims and its equivalent combinations of features.
    In particular, the individual features of the exemplary embodiments shown can be combined. For example, measuring elements 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d can also be used in the first exemplary embodiments of FIGS. 1 and 2, which can measure both the piezoelectric shear effect and pressure forces by means of the piezoelectric effect.
    Furthermore, it is possible to implement the measuring arrangement according to the invention with measuring elements 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d in a different arrangement, in which only the piezoelectric effect is used for measuring pressure forces. Even with measuring elements that have no opening 6.
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    As already indicated with regard to various alternative embodiments in the individual exemplary embodiments, the piezo elements 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d and further piezo elements can also be arranged in a wide variety of advantageous arrangements.
    For example, a fourth exemplary embodiment of FIG. 15 shows a further development of the arrangement of piezo elements according to FIG. 2, in which four measuring elements 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d are arranged, which are particularly good for measuring a total torque Mz with regard to their orientation in the preferred direction Vi, V2, V3, V4 are suitable. Furthermore, the fourth exemplary embodiment has four further measuring elements 4e, 4f, 4g, 4h, the orientation of the preferred direction V5, V6, V7, V8 is particularly well suited for measuring shear forces in the X direction and the Y direction of the Cartesian coordinate system ,
    Furthermore, in particular the measuring device according to the third exemplary embodiment according to FIGS. 3 to 6 can be designed as a ring element. Furthermore, this can be designed such that it can be inserted into a groove together with a seal or can even be designed as an element that seals on both sides, in particular as a sealing ring, for example for a transmission bell 10 as shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 ,
    8, a measuring device 1, such as is used in the electric machine 2, can also be used on the wheel dynamometers 14a, 14b. Basically, regardless of the third exemplary embodiment of the measuring device 1 shown in FIG. 8, it is possible to use each measuring device according to the invention both on a loading machine and on a drive machine of a test bench in order to analyze both the behavior of the loading machine and the drive machine or to enable their waves 3.
    In principle, it is also possible to positively arrange the piezo elements 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d in the torque transmission path between the bearing device 2 and the support device 10. In this case, the piezoelectric measurement takes place via pressure and / or tensile forces on the piezo elements 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d.
    As already described with reference to FIGS. 12a to 14, the invention is suitable for methods for determining a torque applied to the shaft or an / 53
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    An exemplary embodiment of such a method is shown in FIG. 16.
    In such a method, at least one signal from a first piezo element 4a; 4b and a signal of a second piezo element 4c; 4b detects 101. An applied torque Mz and / or an occurrence of a wobble movement in the X direction Fx and / or in the Y direction Fy and / or a torsional vibration of the shaft is derived 102 from these signals.
    For the torsional vibration measurement, both signals on an input shaft and on an output shaft are preferably recorded and the respective torque vibrations are calculated on the basis of these measurements.
    The signals are further preferably corresponding to a component of the respective orientation of the preferred direction of the piezo elements 4a, 4c; 4b, 4d added up 103. For this purpose it may be necessary to split the individual measurement signals into their components in different spatial directions by means of vector decomposition.
    An occurrence of a torsional vibration of the shaft 3 can be derived from this 104a. Alternatively or additionally, reaction forces of a bearing can be derived 104b from the signals.
    Preferably, discontinuities in the torque curve can be inferred 104c from a time curve of the signals or from derived variables. Changes in properties of the system under test can also be determined 104d. Furthermore, a course can be projected 104e-1 and the projected course of a possible overload of a storage facility 2 can be monitored 104e-2. Finally, a power of an electric machine 2 or dynamometers of a test bench can preferably be adapted if a projected overload is detected 104e-3.
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    LIST OF REFERENCE NUMBERS
    measuring device 1 bearing device 2 wave 3 piezo element 4, 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d fixing deviceopeningdeepeningcasing 5, 5a, 5b, 5c, 5d67a, 7b, 7c, 7d8, 8a, 8b, 8c measuring arrangementSupport devicepickup 91011a, 11b, 11c, 11d
    Fixation cavity /
    Support device cavityTransmission and differential 1213 Raddynamometer 14a, 14b test bench 15 sealing gapface 1617a, 17b, 17c, 17d surface 18a, 18b electrode 19 piezo crystal 20a, 20b drillingCharge dissipation / electrical 21a, 21b, 21c, 21d management 22, 22a, 22b, 22c, 22d
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    权利要求:
    Claims (43)
    [1]
    claims
    1. Measuring device (1) for determining a force and / or a torque on a torque-transmitting shaft (3), which is formed by a bearing device (2), in particular a machine, the output and / or input shaft of which is formed by the torque-transmitting shaft (3) is mounted, the measuring device having at least two, preferably three or four, piezo elements (4a, 4b, 4c, 4d) and a fixing device (5), the fixing device (5) comprising the piezo elements (4a, 4b, 4c, 4d ) and is designed in such a way that a force, in particular shear force, can be measured between the bearing device (2) and a supporting device (10) for supporting the bearing device (2) by means of the piezo elements.
    [2]
    2. Measuring device (1) according to claim 1, wherein the fixing device (5) is further designed in such a way that the force parallel to end faces (17a, 17b) of the piezo elements (4a, 4b, 4c, 4d) by means of a non-positive connection can be initiated.
    [3]
    3. Measuring device (1) according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the piezo elements (4a, 4b, 4c, 4d) with the fixing device (5) and / or the bearing device (2) and / or the support device (10) can be connected by frictional connection ,
    [4]
    4. Measuring device (1) according to one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the piezo elements are set up and / or arranged to measure shear forces between the bearing device (2) and the support device (10) and / or are piezoelectric shear elements.
    [5]
    5. Measuring device (1) according to one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the fixing device (5) is further formed in such a way that the force can be measured at least substantially tangentially to the direction of rotation (D) of the shaft (3).
    [6]
    6. Measuring device (1) according to one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the fixing device (5) and / or the piezo elements (4a, 4b, 4c, 4d) is or are designed in such a way that the piezo elements (4a, 4b , 4c, 4d) between the
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    Fixing device (5) and the bearing device (2) or between the fixing device (5) and the support device (10) or between the support device (10) and the bearing device (2) can be arranged and can be loaded with a preload.
    [7]
    7. Measuring device (1) according to one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the fixing device (5) is designed in such a way that the bearing device (2) at least in one direction of rotation (D) of the shaft (3) relative to the support device (10) can only be supported by the piezo elements (4a, 4b, 4c, 4d).
    [8]
    8. Measuring device (1) according to one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the piezo elements are multi-component piezo sensors and can measure both a shear force and a compressive force, preferably at least substantially in the axial direction of the shaft (3).
    [9]
    9. Measuring device (1) according to one of claims 1 to 7, wherein at least two of the piezo elements are shear elements and at least one further is a pressure element.
    [10]
    10. Measuring device (1) according to one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the fixing device (5) has an opening (6) through which the shaft (3) can be passed.
    [11]
    11. Measuring device (1) according to claim 10, wherein in a measuring arrangement with two piezo elements a first (4a) and a second piezo element (4c) are arranged at least substantially opposite with respect to the opening (6), or, in the case of more than two piezo elements , The piezo elements (4a, 4b, 4c, 4d) are arranged approximately in the same angular relationships to one another with respect to a center point (M) of the opening (6), the piezo elements (4a, 4b, 4c, 4d) preferably all having the same distance (d) from an axis of rotation of a torque to be measured and / or the torque-transmitting shaft (3).
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    [12]
    12. Measuring device (1) according to one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the piezo elements (4a, 4b, 4c, 4d) to more than 50%, more preferably more than 70%, more preferably more than 90%, in a recess (7a, 7b, 7c, 7d), in particular a blind hole, the fixing device (5) and / or a housing part (8a) of the bearing device (2) and / or the support device (10).
    [13]
    13. Measuring device (1) according to one of claims 1 to 12, wherein the piezo elements (4a, 4b, 4c, 4d) each have a cavity (9a, 9b, 9c, 9d), in particular a hollow cylinder, through each of which a clamping screw Feasible, which is set up to connect the bearing device (2) with the support device (5).
    [14]
    14. Measuring device (1) according to claim 13, wherein the fixing device (5) also has cavities which are aligned with the cavity (9a, 9b, 9c, 9d) of the piezo element (4a, 4b, 4c, 4d) and in which the clamping screw is storable.
    [15]
    15. Measuring device (1) according to one of claims 1 to 14, wherein the fixing device (5) is an adapter plate or a ring element, in particular for fastening the bearing device (2) to housings (8) of different components of a drive train.
    [16]
    16. Measuring device (1) according to claim 15, wherein the ring element is designed as a seal between two components and / or in such a way that it can be used together with a seal.
    [17]
    17. Measuring device (1) according to one of claims 1 to 16, wherein the fixing device has at least two supports (5a, 5b, 5c 5d) which are supported on the support device (10), the supports (5a, 5b, 5c 5d ), in particular in pairs, can be arranged on opposite first sides of a housing (8) of the bearing device (2) in such a way that one of the piezo elements (4a, 4b, 4c, 4d) between the carriers (5a, 5b) and the Housing (8) is.
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    [18]
    18. Measuring device (1) according to claim 17, wherein at least three carriers (5a, 5b, 5c 5d) can each be arranged on two opposite sides of the housing (8) in such a way that the bearing device (2) can be stored in a defined manner.
    [19]
    19. Measuring device (1) according to claim 17 or 18, wherein a further sensor element (11a, 11b, 11c, 11d) is arranged between the carriers (5a, 5b, 5c 5d) and the support device (10), the further sensor elements ( 11a, 11b, 11c, 11d) are set up to measure static and / or dynamic tensile and compressive forces between the carriers (5a, 5b, 5c 5d) and the support device (10) and are preferably designed as strain gauges and / or piezo elements.
    [20]
    20. Measuring arrangement (9) for determining a force and / or a torque on a torque-transmitting shaft (3), comprising a measuring device (1) based on the piezo effect, in particular according to one of the preceding claims, a shaft (3), a bearing device ( 2) and a support device (10) of the bearing device (2), the bearing device (2) supporting the shaft (3) and the measuring device (1) being a rotating mass of the shaft (3) and / or a rotating mass of rotating parts of a The whole of shaft (3) and bearing device (2) has not changed.
    [21]
    21. Measuring arrangement (9) according to claim 20, wherein the bearing device (2) is a machine, in particular a loading and / or driving machine, preferably an electric or internal combustion engine.
    [22]
    22. Measuring arrangement (9) according to claim 20 or 21, wherein the support device (10) is a transmission bell.
    [23]
    23. Measuring arrangement (9) according to claim 22, wherein the measuring device (1) is designed as a ring element which is adapted to a sealing surface between the transmission bell (10) and the machine (2).
    [24]
    24. Measuring arrangement (9) according to one of claims 20 to 23, wherein between the piezo elements (4a, 4b, 4c, 4d) and the fixing device (5) and / or the
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    Bearing device (2) and / or the support device (10) a paste for increasing a coefficient of friction is applied.
    [25]
    25. Measuring arrangement (9) according to one of claims 20 to 24, wherein the piezo elements (4a, 4b, 4c, 4d) between the support device (16) and the bearing device (2) with a bias of about 40 kN to 80 kN, preferably about 60 kN are loaded.
    [26]
    26. Measuring arrangement (9) according to one of claims 20 to 25 with a measuring device (1) according to claim 13 or 14, wherein also a housing part (8a) of the bearing device (2) has a cavity which is in contact with the cavity of the piezo elements (4a, 4b, 4c, 4d) and in which the clamping screw is mounted.
    [27]
    27. Measuring arrangement (9) according to one of claims 20 to 26, wherein end faces of the piezo elements (4a, 4b, 4c, 4d) at least substantially parallel to a surface (18a) of the bearing device (2) and a surface (18b) of the support device (10) are aligned.
    [28]
    28. Vehicle with a measuring arrangement according to one of claims 20 to 27.
    [29]
    29. Test stand with a measuring device according to one of claims 1 to 19 or with a measuring arrangement according to one of claims 20 to 27.
    [30]
    30. Test stand according to claim 29, wherein a first measuring device according to one of claims 1 to 19 is connected to a drive machine as a bearing device and a second measuring device according to one of claims 1 to 19 is connected to a loading machine as a bearing device.
    [31]
    31. A method (100) for determining a torque applied to a shaft (3) and / or a force applied to a shaft (3), the torque and / or the force by means of measurements of reaction forces in a bearing of a bearing device (2) Shaft (3) on the bearing device (2) is determined by at least two piezo elements (4a, 4b, 4c, 4d).
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    [32]
    32. The method (100) according to claim 31, wherein the reaction forces are measured as shear forces on the piezo elements (4a, 4b, 4c, 4d).
    [33]
    33. The method (100) according to claim 31 or 32, wherein the measurement of the reaction forces is preferably carried out by means of a measuring arrangement (19) according to one of claims 18 to 26, comprising the following steps: detecting (101) at least one signal of a first piezo element (4a ) and a signal from a second piezo element (4c); and
    Deriving (102) a torque applied to the first (4a) and the second piezo element (4c) and / or the occurrence of a wobble movement from the signals.
    [34]
    34. The method (100) according to claim 33, wherein the piezo elements (4a, 4c) are oriented with respect to the direction of rotation (D) of the shaft (3) with a known preferred direction (Vi, V3), in particular with the same preferred direction (V1, V3), further comprising the following steps:
    Summing up (103) the signals corresponding to a component of the preferred direction (V1, V3) of the piezo elements (4a, 4c) in the direction of rotation; and deriving (104a) an occurrence of a torsional vibration of the shaft (3) from the signals.
    [35]
    35. The method (100) according to claim 33, wherein the piezo elements (4a, 4c) are aligned in such a way that their preferred direction (V1, V3) is known, in particular parallel, further comprising the following working steps:
    Summing up (103) the signals corresponding to a parallel component of the preferred direction (V1, V3) of the piezo elements (4a, 4c); and
    Deriving (104b) the reaction forces of the bearing from the signals.
    [36]
    36. The method (100) according to any one of claims 31 to 35, wherein a temporal change in at least the values of the derived quantities is recorded.
    [37]
    37. The method (100) according to one of claims 33 to 36, further comprising at least one of the following work steps:
    Checking (104c) the derived quantities for discontinuities in the torque curve, in particular a torque oscillation or a torsional oscillation;
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    Checking (104d) the derived quantities for changes in properties of the system under test;
    Projecting (104e-1) the history of derived quantities;
    Checking (104e-2) a projected course for possible overloading of the storage facility (2);
    Adapting, in particular reducing, (104e-3) a power if a projected overload and / or discontinuities and / or a change in the properties of the system to be tested is detected.
    [38]
    38. A computer program comprising instructions which, when executed by a computer, cause it to carry out the steps of a method according to one of claims 31 to 37.
    [39]
    39. Computer-readable medium on which a computer program according to claim 38 is stored.
    [40]
    40. A computer readable medium comprising instructions which, when executed by a computer, cause it to carry out the steps of a method according to any one of claims 31 to 37.
    [41]
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    Piezocryst Advanced Sensorics GmbH

    [42]
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    [43]
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    PC31842AT
    AVL List GmbH
    Piezocryst Advanced Sensorics GmbH
    4.11
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    公开号 | 公开日
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    DE10304359A1|2002-04-12|2003-11-06|Deutsch Zentr Luft & Raumfahrt|Torque sensor for an electric motor comprises a monolithic disk shaped receiving component with connection legs linking inner and outer flanges and having sensors attached to them, said component being inserted in the motor drive|
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    法律状态:
    优先权:
    申请号 | 申请日 | 专利标题
    AT500642018A|AT520901B1|2018-01-24|2018-01-24|Measuring device and method for determining a force and / or a torque on a torque transmitting shaft|AT500642018A| AT520901B1|2018-01-24|2018-01-24|Measuring device and method for determining a force and / or a torque on a torque transmitting shaft|
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    KR1020207024179A| KR20200110700A|2018-01-24|2019-01-24|Measuring device and method for determining force and/or torque applied to a torque transmission shaft|
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